Additional Assistance for Chapter 14.
*EUGENE V. DEBS
-He is pictured to the left during one of his numerous speeches.'
-Cause: The issuance of the Espionage and Sedition Acts placed Eugene V. Debs in a precarious situation.
-People could not interfere with the draft or speak against the actions of the U.S. Government, which included the sale of Liberty Bonds.
-The American press was censored.
-Effect: Debs, who continued to critize the war, was harrassed and eventually arrested and sentenced ten years for criticizing the government and business leaders that supported militarism.
*WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN
-Cause: The sinking of the Lusitania placed pressure on Wilson to declare war.
-Wilson, who still did not desire war, decided to take foreign policy means to increase communication to avoid war.
-Wilson directs Bryan, the Secretary of State, to write a letter to Germany. The letter calls for two items: (1) Renounce Unrestricted Submarine Warfare; (2) Payments to victims' survivors.
-German response: The Lusitania had munitions aboard, which made it fair game.
-Wilson directs Bryan to send a second, stronger note to Germany.
-Fearing that it would lead to war, Bryan refuses and informs Wilson an equally strong note should be sent to Britain regarding their blockade.
-Wilson refused and Bryan resigned.
-Effect: A new Secretary of State, Robert Lansing, sends Wilson's note to Germany. The Germans promise to stop sinking passenger ships under these conditions: (1) There will be a warning; (2) Search and Seizure rights are bestowed on Germany.
*1st and 2nd GENERATION IMMIGRANTS
-Cause: The immigration boom of the 1890s meant that many Americans at the time of the war were either born abroad or were the first members of their family to be born in America.
-Their was an allegiance felt by many of the immigrants to their country of origin. Not only did people of particular nationalities (French, British, German, etc.) feel allegiance to their original nation, but they also disliked particular nations. For instance, the Irish were opposed to the British due to the oppression they had felt in their original country.
-The immigrants felt personally connected to the nation of origin.
-Effect: Numerous individuals would serve for their original nation rather than the United States.
*Article 10
*League of Nations
*Francis Ferdinand
*Peace Advocates
*U-Boats
*RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (2)
-Cause: The combination of the Germans pushing the Russians into a retreat, which destroyed the Fatherland's territory, and the demand for peace, land, and bread, as the people were suffering.
-When the Russians removed themselves from the First World War, a tremendous pressure was placed on the United States to join the conflict.
-Americans were more willing to join the First World War after the Russian Revolution led to Lenin removing the Soviet Union from the world conflict.
-Effect: For a short time, the Russians had a republican form of government. Without a czar, the United States could enter the war on the side of the Allies.
*CITY OF MEMPHIS
-Cause: The policy of unrestricted submarine warfare that was practiced by the Germans. They chose this method to break the blockade that the British had on Germany, which kept them from receiving food or fertilizers, which were needed for food but could be used to make munitions.
-The United States had announced their displeasure of unrestricted submarine warfare after the sinking of The Luisitania.
-The City of Memphis was sunk with Illinois and Vigilancia between March 16th and the 18th.
-Effect: The sinking of this ship, in conjunction with two others, would lead Woodrow Wilson to urge Congress to declare war after his Cabinet unanimously encouraged the action. To place it in idealistic terms, Wilson stated "The world must be made safe for democracy." However, since the doves were devastated, Jane Addams requested and received a private audience with Wilson, which did not dissuade him.
*COMMERCIAL INTERESTS
-Cause: Under the economic system of capitalism, American bankers and investors were searching to use the First World War, especially prior to America's entrance, as a means to make greater profits. This was originally generated during the Wilson administration when the Chief Executive approved substantial loans to the Allies during America's preparedness program.
-Due to America's Anglo-Saxon background, a high level of trade was with the British and a fair amount with France.
-American corporations were supportive of the Allies against the Central Powers.
-Jeanette Rankin, a Congressional member that was opposed to America's entrance into the war, believed U.S. approval of a war measure would be done for "commercial" interests.
*President Woodrow Wilson had stated that America's factories were bursting with inventory, which meant, in his opinion, that the U.S. needed to enter the war in order to sell more of their merchandise.
-Effect: Due to the numerous loans to Britain, it became in America's financial interests, especially Wall Street investors, for the United States to support the Allies. Hence, America entered the war to ensure payment of loans and to make more and more money due to the munitions contracts Wall Street held.
*He Kept Us Out of War
*WAR ASSOCIATES"
-Cause: Since America was slow to join the war, in part because Wilson was a child at the conclusion of the Civil War and distinctly remembered the carnage and witnessed Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, being led to his trial. Thus, Wilson did not desire to commit American forces to fight overseas.
-When America entered the war, Wilson's view was for America to be "associates," a partner, friend, or companion, rather than an equal.
-The U.S. originally would not send troops; rather, Congress approved $3 billion in loans, naval support, supplies and arms. Thus, America's first action after declaring war was to support the Allies with loans, supplies, and arms.
-Effect: The Allies received much-needed maerial. The Allies insisted that America send troops, even a token group that would boost the British and French morale. The U.S. sent the A.E.F., American Expeditionary Force, under the leadership of John "Black Jack" Pershing, who was joined by more American forces over time.
*Draft
*Prohibition
*WILSON BARNSTORMING-
-Cause: Lack of Senate support for the peace treaty (Treaty of Versailles)
-Wilson went directly to the people to seek their support of the treaty
-This action by Wilson was known as a barnstorming campaign, to travel from place to place marking brief stops (as in a political campaign or promotional tour)
-The people would then pressure the Senate to ratify
-23 Days and 36 Speeches
-Effect: Wilson suffered a stroke. He was an invalid and isolated from his cabinet and vistors. It made him inflexible; hence, he would not negotiate. It became an "all or nothing," which meant the Treaty would fail.
*Unconditional Surrender
*Civil Rights (2)
*War Industries Board
*SECRET ALLIANCES
-Cause: European nations sought security by bolstering their country against possible aggressors. They were secret to make it more difficult for an aggressor nation to attack another since they would not be sure who would come to their opponent's aid.
-Alliances, a treaty to further the common interests of the members by pledging support, even militarily. Thus, an attack on one nation will result in the alliance being active.
-Effect: It formed a fragile balance of power that would eventually lead to World War I. When Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary, the alliance with Russia immediately resulted in both Serbian support and the automatic step by German to enter the conflict to support its ally, Austria-Hungary. Russia's ally, France, began preparing for war. Thus, a global war would slowly develop.
*Literacy Tests
-He is pictured to the left during one of his numerous speeches.'
-Cause: The issuance of the Espionage and Sedition Acts placed Eugene V. Debs in a precarious situation.
-People could not interfere with the draft or speak against the actions of the U.S. Government, which included the sale of Liberty Bonds.
-The American press was censored.
-Effect: Debs, who continued to critize the war, was harrassed and eventually arrested and sentenced ten years for criticizing the government and business leaders that supported militarism.
*WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN
-Cause: The sinking of the Lusitania placed pressure on Wilson to declare war.
-Wilson, who still did not desire war, decided to take foreign policy means to increase communication to avoid war.
-Wilson directs Bryan, the Secretary of State, to write a letter to Germany. The letter calls for two items: (1) Renounce Unrestricted Submarine Warfare; (2) Payments to victims' survivors.
-German response: The Lusitania had munitions aboard, which made it fair game.
-Wilson directs Bryan to send a second, stronger note to Germany.
-Fearing that it would lead to war, Bryan refuses and informs Wilson an equally strong note should be sent to Britain regarding their blockade.
-Wilson refused and Bryan resigned.
-Effect: A new Secretary of State, Robert Lansing, sends Wilson's note to Germany. The Germans promise to stop sinking passenger ships under these conditions: (1) There will be a warning; (2) Search and Seizure rights are bestowed on Germany.
*1st and 2nd GENERATION IMMIGRANTS
-Cause: The immigration boom of the 1890s meant that many Americans at the time of the war were either born abroad or were the first members of their family to be born in America.
-Their was an allegiance felt by many of the immigrants to their country of origin. Not only did people of particular nationalities (French, British, German, etc.) feel allegiance to their original nation, but they also disliked particular nations. For instance, the Irish were opposed to the British due to the oppression they had felt in their original country.
-The immigrants felt personally connected to the nation of origin.
-Effect: Numerous individuals would serve for their original nation rather than the United States.
*Article 10
*League of Nations
*Francis Ferdinand
*Peace Advocates
*U-Boats
*RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (2)
-Cause: The combination of the Germans pushing the Russians into a retreat, which destroyed the Fatherland's territory, and the demand for peace, land, and bread, as the people were suffering.
-When the Russians removed themselves from the First World War, a tremendous pressure was placed on the United States to join the conflict.
-Americans were more willing to join the First World War after the Russian Revolution led to Lenin removing the Soviet Union from the world conflict.
-Effect: For a short time, the Russians had a republican form of government. Without a czar, the United States could enter the war on the side of the Allies.
*CITY OF MEMPHIS
-Cause: The policy of unrestricted submarine warfare that was practiced by the Germans. They chose this method to break the blockade that the British had on Germany, which kept them from receiving food or fertilizers, which were needed for food but could be used to make munitions.
-The United States had announced their displeasure of unrestricted submarine warfare after the sinking of The Luisitania.
-The City of Memphis was sunk with Illinois and Vigilancia between March 16th and the 18th.
-Effect: The sinking of this ship, in conjunction with two others, would lead Woodrow Wilson to urge Congress to declare war after his Cabinet unanimously encouraged the action. To place it in idealistic terms, Wilson stated "The world must be made safe for democracy." However, since the doves were devastated, Jane Addams requested and received a private audience with Wilson, which did not dissuade him.
*COMMERCIAL INTERESTS
-Cause: Under the economic system of capitalism, American bankers and investors were searching to use the First World War, especially prior to America's entrance, as a means to make greater profits. This was originally generated during the Wilson administration when the Chief Executive approved substantial loans to the Allies during America's preparedness program.
-Due to America's Anglo-Saxon background, a high level of trade was with the British and a fair amount with France.
-American corporations were supportive of the Allies against the Central Powers.
-Jeanette Rankin, a Congressional member that was opposed to America's entrance into the war, believed U.S. approval of a war measure would be done for "commercial" interests.
*President Woodrow Wilson had stated that America's factories were bursting with inventory, which meant, in his opinion, that the U.S. needed to enter the war in order to sell more of their merchandise.
-Effect: Due to the numerous loans to Britain, it became in America's financial interests, especially Wall Street investors, for the United States to support the Allies. Hence, America entered the war to ensure payment of loans and to make more and more money due to the munitions contracts Wall Street held.
*He Kept Us Out of War
*WAR ASSOCIATES"
-Cause: Since America was slow to join the war, in part because Wilson was a child at the conclusion of the Civil War and distinctly remembered the carnage and witnessed Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, being led to his trial. Thus, Wilson did not desire to commit American forces to fight overseas.
-When America entered the war, Wilson's view was for America to be "associates," a partner, friend, or companion, rather than an equal.
-The U.S. originally would not send troops; rather, Congress approved $3 billion in loans, naval support, supplies and arms. Thus, America's first action after declaring war was to support the Allies with loans, supplies, and arms.
-Effect: The Allies received much-needed maerial. The Allies insisted that America send troops, even a token group that would boost the British and French morale. The U.S. sent the A.E.F., American Expeditionary Force, under the leadership of John "Black Jack" Pershing, who was joined by more American forces over time.
*Draft
*Prohibition
*WILSON BARNSTORMING-
-Cause: Lack of Senate support for the peace treaty (Treaty of Versailles)
-Wilson went directly to the people to seek their support of the treaty
-This action by Wilson was known as a barnstorming campaign, to travel from place to place marking brief stops (as in a political campaign or promotional tour)
-The people would then pressure the Senate to ratify
-23 Days and 36 Speeches
-Effect: Wilson suffered a stroke. He was an invalid and isolated from his cabinet and vistors. It made him inflexible; hence, he would not negotiate. It became an "all or nothing," which meant the Treaty would fail.
*Unconditional Surrender
*Civil Rights (2)
*War Industries Board
*SECRET ALLIANCES
-Cause: European nations sought security by bolstering their country against possible aggressors. They were secret to make it more difficult for an aggressor nation to attack another since they would not be sure who would come to their opponent's aid.
-Alliances, a treaty to further the common interests of the members by pledging support, even militarily. Thus, an attack on one nation will result in the alliance being active.
-Effect: It formed a fragile balance of power that would eventually lead to World War I. When Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary, the alliance with Russia immediately resulted in both Serbian support and the automatic step by German to enter the conflict to support its ally, Austria-Hungary. Russia's ally, France, began preparing for war. Thus, a global war would slowly develop.
*Literacy Tests